Mounting & Unmounting in LINUX

What is mounting >

As you know, you can store your data in different physical storage devices, like floppies, CD-ROMs, and hard disk drives. Your hard disk or disks are also very likely split up into different partitions with different filesystems.

If you're migrating to Linux from Microsoft Windows, you're probably used to accessing all your filesystems very easily: you just boot up your puter, go to My Computer, and find all your Windows partitions there immediately. For example, if you have a second hard drive (or a second Windows partition), it automatically appears as D:\ and you can immediately access it. The same goes for floppies, CD-ROMs, digital cameras, and other storage devices - you just plug them in, and you'll be able to immediately access them. However, this isn't the case in Linux.

You're probably a bit confused at first: you put your floppy or CD into the drive and start wondering why you're not able to access it! This is because your floppies, CDs, hard disk partitions, and other storage devices must be attached to some existing directory on your system before they can be accessed. This attaching is called mounting, and the directory where the device is attached is called a mount point.

After the device is mounted, you can access the files on that device by accessing the directory where the device is attached. When you're done and want to remove the floppy or CD or other device, you need to detach, unmount, it before removing it.

< How to mount >

Mounting is done with the mount command.

When mounting, you must tell the mount command what is the device or partition you want to mount and what is the mount point. The mount point must be a directory that already exists on your system. For example, to mount your floppy:
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

In this example, /dev/fd0 is your floppy drive, and /mnt/floppy is the mount point. Now when you access /mnt/floppy, you'll actually access the files on your floppy.

Usually /dev/fd0 is your floppy drive, although some distros are configured so that /dev/floppy is the same thing as /dev/fd0. Usually your CD-ROM is configured the same way: /dev/cdrom is your CD-ROM device (or, more specifically, /dev/floppy is a symbolic link to your actual floppy drive, and /dev/cdrom is a symbolic link to your CD-ROM drive).

< Where to mount >

Although many Linux distros have directories like /mnt/floppy or /floppy created by default so you can mount your floppies there, you're not forced to use these directories. Using the mount command, you can mount your devices or partitions into any existing directory you want!

Usually your Linux distro is configured so that one particular directory is the default mount point for one particular device. In most distros it's /mnt/floppy or /floppy for floppies, and /mnt/cdrom or /cdrom for CD-ROMs. When this is the case, you don't need to tell mount the whole device name: just give either the device or mount point and you're ok. For example, if /mnt/floppy is the default mount point for /dev/fd0 (or whatever your floppy drive is), this would mount your floppy:
$ mount /mnt/floppy

The default mount points for different devices are configured in a file called /etc/fstab. The root user can freely edit the mount points configured in that file. If you're interested in learning how this file works, have a look at the Editing and understanding/etc/fstab tuXfile.

< How to unmount >

Unmounting is done with the umount command. No, I didn't make a typo: the command really is umount, not unmount.

When unmounting, you'll need to tell umount what mounted device to unmount, either by telling what's the device or the mount point. For example, if /dev/fd0 is mounted to /mnt/floppy, you'll unmount it with
$ umount /mnt/floppy
or
$ umount /dev/fd0

It's not wise to remove the floppy from the floppy drive without unmounting it first! In the worst case the data you were writing to the floppy wasn't written into it yet. With CD-ROMs you can't do this: the tray won't even open if you haven't unmounted the CD first.

Example uses of the Linux Command mount

The following examples illustrate typical uses of the command mount for attaching the file directory of a device or partition to the file directory tree of the Linux system. 

 mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

This command will connect the device "/dev/fd0" (usually the floppy drive) to the directory "/mnt/floppy" so that you can access the files and directories (folders) on the floppy disk in the floppy drive under the "/mnt/floppy" directory. The directory "/mnt/floppy" is also called the "mount point", which must already exist when this command is executed. 

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

This command will connect the device "/dev/cdrom" (usually the CD ROM drive) to the directory "/mnt/cdrom" so that you can access the files and directories on the CD ROM disk in the CD ROM drive under the "/mnt/cdrom" directory, which must already exist when this command is executed. 

 umount /mnt/floppy

This command unmounts the floppy drive. After this command is executed the files and directories on the floppy will no longer be accessible from the directory tree of the Linux system. 

 umount /dev/fd0

This has the same effect as the previous command. 

 umount /mnt/cdrom

This command unmounts the CD ROM drive. After this command is executed the files and directories on the CD ROM will no longer be accessible from the directory tree of the Linux system. 

 umount /dev/cdrom

This has the same effect as the previous command. 

The default mount points for the various devices are defined the file /etc/fstab. Some Linux distributions use a program called automount, which automatically mounts all the partitions and devices listed in /etc/fstab.